Fiber optic coupler
A fiber optic coupler is used in optical fiber interconnection arrangements to couple electromagnetic waves from one of two or more optical fibers to another optical fiber in the group. Alternatively, the coupler may couple one optical fiber to itself to form a loop. Over the last decades, a number of fiber optic components and devices such as: couplers, attenuators, wavelength division multiplexers/de-multiplexers, connectors, filters, switches, fiber-pigtailed semiconductor lasers, isolators, etc., have been developed for use in fiber optic communication systems, sensors and instrumentation. One of the key components in passive optical networks is the fiber optic coupler. Fiber optic couplers connect one or more optical fibers together allowing electromagnetic waves to propagate through the connected optical fibers. Such couplers are used in fiber optical communications systems, optical sensors, fiber optic gyros, and many other devices. Fiber optic couplers can be made by drawing and fusing two or more single-mode optical fibers to form a biconical taper structure. Single-mode fiber optic couplers are useful as signal combiners and distributors in multiple terminal systems such as those for bringing wideband services to consumers. Some of these systems need high resolution wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) couplers. Multimode and single-mode couplers are formed by positioning a plurality of fibers in a side-by-side relationship along a suitable length thereof and fusing the claddings together to secure the fibers and reduce the spacings between the cores. A fused fiber optic coupler consists of two or more adjacent optical fibers, that are joined by heating to form a common region. Fiber optic directional couplers provide for the transfer of optical energy traveling in one fiber optic waveguide to another. Such couplers are useful for a variety of applications, e.g. in fiber optic sensors.
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