Ultrasonic transducer
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Ultrasonic transducers convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa. Ultrasonic transducers are constructed by incorporating one or more piezoelectric vibrators which are electrically connected to pulsing-receiving system. An ultrasonic transducer includes an ultrasonic transmitting/receiving element typically consisting of piezoelectric element connected to electrodes. Ultrasonic transducers are typically formed of either piezoelectric elements or of micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (MUT) elements. The piezoelectric elements typically are made of material such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), with a plurality of elements being arranged to form a transducer assembly. The transducer assembly is then further assembled into a housing possibly including control electronics, in the form of electronic circuit boards, the combination of which forms an ultrasonic probe. A micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (MUT) element is formed using semiconductor manufacturing techniques resulting in a capacitive ultrasonic transducer cell that comprises a flexible membrane supported around its edges over a silicon substrate. By applying contact material, in the form of electrodes, to the membrane, and to the base of the cavity in the silicon substrate, and then by applying appropriate voltage signals to the electrodes, the MUT may be energized such that an appropriate ultrasonic wave is produced. Ultrasonic transducers are useful for various applications. Ultrasonic testing equipment is used in a variety of applications such as for measuring flow, determining flaws, measuring thickness, and gauging corrosion. Ultrasonic diagnostic imaging systems are in widespread use for performing ultrasonic imaging and measurements of the human body through the use of probes which are used to view the internal structure of a body by creating a scan plane.
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