Strain gauge (strain gage)
A strain gauge is a device which uses the change of electrical resistance of a wire under strain to measure stress. A strain gauge measures strain in a material to which it is attached and can also be used to build load cells and accelerometers. Strain gages are used for precision measurement of force, weight, pressure, torque, displacement and other mechanical quantities that can be converted to strain in a mechanical member. A strain gage has a strain sensing element that is attached or adhered to the subject material. When the subject material is strained, the resistance of the sensing element changes in proportion to the strain it experiences. The change in resistance in the sensing element as it is compressed or elongated is measured and used to calculate strain in the subject material. Strain gauges are made of materials whose resistances vary in response to deformation of its shape, by tension, compression, or torsion. A foil type gauge, comprises a foil of Cu-Ni alloy bonded to a polymer film made of polyimide, polyester, or phenolic resin. This foil normally has a thickness of a few micrometers and is etched with a sinuous pattern on a width of several tens of micrometers. The foil type gauges usually conduct a larger current flow than the wire type gauges. Foil strain gages, which have a metal sensing element, are often used to measure strain. However, metal sensing elements have a relatively low gage factor, which reduces the sensitivity of the gage. A capacitive strain gauge generally utilizes capacitors with capacitive plates or elements which are moveable relative to each other as a function of applied strain. As force is applied to the structural material, relative movement of the capacitor elements causes the capacitance to change. The change in capacitance is measured by detecting a change in an applied electrical signal. Strain gauges on a flexible support are used for measuring the deformations of mechanical parts. They are in particular used for weighing, for pressure measurements, for stress measurements on mechanical parts such as transmission shafts, different portions of an aircraft wing or concavities.
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