Seismic instrument
The field of seismology focuses on the use of artificially generated elastic waves to locate subsurface formations which may contain mineral deposits such as hydrocarbons, ores, water, and geothermal reservoirs. Seismic exploration techniques examine subsurface geologic formations by sending a signal into the geologic formations and by sensing seismic waves reflected from the geologic formations. In geophysical exploration, an acoustic signal is generated by a seismic source into the earth. The signal propagates through the earth in the form of a wave front which encounters structural changes in the earth. The seismic signal propagates through the earth in the form of a wavefront. As the wave front impinges upon the substrata layers, a portion of the wavefront is reflected back to the earth's surface. The reflected waves are recorded by a plurality of spaced-apart sensors. The recorded data is processed to obtain geophysical information about the substrata. The source of seismic energy can be natural, such as earthquakes and other tectonic activity, subsidence, volcanic activity or the like, or man-made such as acoustic noise from surface or underground operations, or from deliberate operation of seismic sources at the surface or underground. To perform seismic exploration on land, in shallow water and marsh land, geophones are typically used as sensors for recording the reflected waves. These geophones are generally passive analog sensors connected in series in groups and are connected with a measuring station. By a movement of the geophone, a voltage is induced in a coil which is movably suspended in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. Such geophones are disposed in accordance with the requirements of a particular survey at spaced intervals for reception of seismic source signals as they arrive through the air, directly from the source or sources along the surface of the ground and as refracted and reflected by the lithological character of the subsurface. The seismic waves are detected with geophones connected by a leader wire to create a geophone string. Each geophone generates signals transmitted to a recording station through conductors in the leader wire or through wireless transmission techniques. The signals and positions of each geophone are processed to generate profiles of the subsurface geologic formations.
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