Photometer
In a wide variety of applications, precise light measurements of small image areas become necessary. For example, t he measurement of light absorbed by or emitted from a sample can provide a useful measurement of chemical and biological systems and changes occurring therein. Photometers for detecting and measuring absorption or emission of light from a test sample can be useful measures of chemical and biological systems and changes, particularly in the determination of emitted light from test samples containing luminescent components. Also when a photographic enlargement is to be made, it is advantageous to take readings of the projected image to predetermine exposure. Photometers generally comprise a cell containing a volume of fluid to be analysed and optical means for making a light beam pass through said cell. The measurement of the attenuation due to the passage through the vessel makes it possible to calculate the optical density of the fluid and the concentration of one of the substances present in the fluid. Atomic absorption photometers use a hollow cathode lamp (HCL) as a source of light for observing atomic absorption. Photometers using infrared radiation are constructed in order to operate under the principle of dispersion but other varieties are known which do not function or operate in the dispersive mode. A biological photometer permits to measure simply and easily blood circulation, blood circulation dynamics and hemoglobin variation in blood inside a living body with a low restriction to a subject. Reflectance photometers commonly are used for quantitative chemical analysis, such as analysis of body fluids.
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