Rechargeable battery
Batteries and battery systems are becoming increasingly important for primary and secondary energy supply. A battery typically comprises a pair of electrodes, namely, an anode and a cathode, a battery separator, and an electrolyte. When a load is applied to the battery, electrons are generated through oxidation at the anode. The electrons thus generated pass through the load, then return to the battery at the cathode, where the cathode is reduced. Generally, batteries are divided into two groups: general batteries, which are non-recoverable once used and rechargeable batteries, which are recoverable. The non-rechargeable type is intended for one-time use and is discarded after the battery power. Rechargeable batteries are chemical cells capable of charging and discharging and are widely used as small-scale batteries for small-scale devices such as cell phones and notebook computers as well as large-scale batteries such as industrial power storage batteries and batteries for use in electric motor cars. Currently used rechargeable batteries include lead acid batteries, nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. Rechargeable lead-acid batteries are a useful power source for starter motors for internal combustion engines. Rechargeable alkaline batteries are used in numerous consumer devices such as digital cameras, laptop computers, camcorders, and cellular phones. They are often configured into a sealed battery pack that is designed as an integral part of a specific device. Rechargeable alkaline batteries can also be configured as larger batteries that can be used, for example, in industrial, aerospace, and electric vehicle applications. Alkaline rechargeable batteries are batteries using alkaline electrolyte mainly composed of potassium hydroxide (KOH), and in almost all battery systems, the nickel positive electrode excellent in charge and discharge cycle performance is used. In the negative electrode, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and others are used as active material. The lithium-type rechargeable batteries have the benefits of having a larger capacity, being light weight, having an extended life, providing high output power, and having a fast recharge cycle. Rechargeable batteries using lithium metal and lithium alloy as negative electrodes show superior energy density compared with lithium-ion rechargeable battery using a graphite negative electrode.
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