Lead-acid battery
Rechargeable batteries are of great importance to many industrial sectors such as the electrical power industry and automotive industry. One class of such batteries is lead acid based batteries. The lead acid storage battery is generally a storage battery using lead dioxide in the positive electrode and lead in the negative electrode as active materials, and dilute sulfuric acid as an electrolyte. Lead-acid secondary batteries have been employed for some time for a variety of applications requiring general purpose electrochemical storage. The lead-acid battery in its various configurations is a time-honoured power source for diverse applications such as starting lighting ignition (SLI), uninterrupted power supply (UPS) and motive power. The advantages of lead-acid batteries include: low cost of manufacture, simplicity of design, reliability and relative safety when compared to other electrochemical systems. Lead-acid batteries are multi-cell structures with each cell containing a positive plate or electrode, a negative plate or electrode, and an electrolyte. Each plate consists of a grid of expanded metal having a layer of electrochemically active material formed thereon. Typically, a bank of batteries will be interconnected in a system configuration to provide the desired voltage and power for short term emergency situations, until the AC supply line is re-established or until a generator can provide the necessary power requirements. One type of recombinant battery, a valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, typically includes an absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator composed of microglass fibers. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries rely upon internal gas recombination to minimize electrolyte loss over the life of the battery, thereby eliminating the need for re-watering. VRLA recombination batteries offer a number of advantages compared to flooded cell batteries. Valve regulated lead acid batteries have been increasingly deployed in outdoor telecommunications applications as a source of energy when a primary source of power is interrupted.
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