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Variable optical attenuator (VOA)

As the optical communication technology advances, the optical communication is conducted through a longer optical path and a more complex line. An optical attenuator is needed in optical telecommunication networks to reduce an optical power when an optical signal with an excessive power level greater than an allowed power level is received to an optical signal receiver. A variable optical attenuator for use in optical communication networks is an optical component for delivering beams of light passing out an exit end of an optical waveguide to an incident end of an optical waveguide by causing insertion loss to the light beams. Variable optical attenuators (VOA) are used to permit dynamic control of optical power levels throughout a network. The variable optical attenuator (VOA) attenuates light injected from an optical transmission channel for input and outputs it to an optical transmission channel for output. Variable optical attenuators diminish differences of optical power between wavelength channels in wave division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, and maintain the signal-to-noise ratios of the channels. Additionally, VOAs are commonly used to provide gain equalization in optical amplifiers, or to monitor and distribute optical power of a cross-connected network dynamically in a dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) system. Variable optical attenuators are generally formed of a blocking structure disposed in a free space region between an input waveguide and an output waveguide.

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