Spectrum analyzer
A spectrum analyzer is an instrument for measuring the amplitudes of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. A spectrum analyzer is essentially a receiver that is tuned or swept across a band of frequencies, and the amplitude of received signals is displayed on a cathode ray tube as a function of frequency. Spectrum analyzers are important test instruments applicable to a wide range of technical measurements, primarily electrical and mechanical. Two types of spectrum analyzers predominate the market: swept analyzers and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analyzers. Swept analyzers operate by tuning a filter across the frequency band of interest and measuring the components passing through the filter, associating them with the instantaneous tuning frequency. The tuning action is usually repetitive in order to refresh a dynamic display of the signal components. The sweep type spectrum analyzer has a characteristic that all the frequency analysis results can be obtained by one frequency sweep operation. The FFT type spectrum analyzer means a spectrum analyzer of the type in which the oscillation frequency of a local oscillator is changed stepwise. Frequency spectrum analyzers are frequently used for analyzing frequency spectrum in an input signal. A frequency spectrum analyzer includes three or more frequency converters connected in series each of which is formed of a frequency mixer, a local oscillator and a band pass filter to produce intermediate frequency (IF) signals without image (spurious) responses. Audio spectrum analyzers are used for such purposes as conducting sound level measurements in industrial environments, measuring the performance of a loudspeaker system, and measuring the frequency response of an audio device such as a tape recorder. Most spectrum analyzers, especially those used for high frequency RF and microwave signals, are implemented as heterodyne receivers that frequency shift or frequency convert the signal prior to detecting and measuring the power of the signal.
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