Signal filter
Electronic devices can communicate using modulated signals. A characteristic of an electronic signal, e.g., amplitude, frequency, phase, etc., is modified in a pattern that corresponds to information. Electronic devices near the receiver as well as physical imperfections in the transmission and reception equipment and the transmission medium combine to add a random signal referred to as noise. The noise added to the modulated signal, noise can be negative as well as positive, can complicate or create errors in the communication where the noise is significant in relation to the amount of modification corresponding to information. In many electronic circuits, it is often to necessary to include filter circuits to prevent switching noise or higher order signal frequency components from the digital signals from affecting the analog signals. This is particularly true for ICs which are processing both analog and digital circuits on one chip. Analog filters are used in a variety of applications, such as reducing noise, dampening output signals, reducing ringing, decreasing signals of selected frequencies, amplifying selected frequencies, and converting digital signals to analog. Analog filters include discrete circuit components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and the like. The values of the inductors and capacitors are a function of several factors, including the desired filter transfer function, the values of the filter terminating impedances, and the parameters of signal processing circuits with which the filter cooperates. Active filters additionally include amplifiers such as transistors, operational amplifiers, differential amplifiers, and the like. Digital filters can be used in many different applications on a wide variety of signals and structures. For example the signal structure may be audio signals, instrumentation signals, etc. It may be a video image, a RADAR or sonar image, etc. Or it may be 3-dimensional such as a representation of a volume, e.g. a volume of air space for air traffic control. Isolation circuits and filter circuits are often used in devices connected to transmission lines. The transmission lines carry a signal to the devices or away from the devices. Various types of filters are used in the cable industry to manage signals transmitted via a cable line. For example, high pass filters are used to prevent the ingress of noise from individual subscriber's televisions into the cable system, which noise would adversely affect the signal supplied to cable internet subscribers.
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