Transistor
An electronic transistor is the basic building block of today's computer logic circuits. Integrated circuits typically include a large number of individual circuit elements, such as transistors, capacitors, resistors and the like. These individual circuit elements are electrically connected according to the desired circuit layout by respective conductive lines. Transistors use an electric current or field voltage to amplify another electric current or field voltage, creating electronic pulses that can represent the ones and zeros of binary computing. There are many different types of transistors. In general, semiconductor transistors may be categorized as bipolar junction transistors (BJT) or field effect transistors (FET). The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a well-known and frequently used semiconductor electronic device. A bipolar junction transistor is generally defined as a device formed of a semiconductor material having two opposing p-n junctions in close proximity to one another. A typical bipolar transistor has three device regions: an emitter, a collector, and a base disposed between the emitter and the collector. A typical field effect transistor (FET) device consists of a semi-insulating substrate 1, an undoped buffer layer, and an upper layer which is doped with a semiconductivity type dopant, typically n-type semiconductor material. The FET has only a single charge carrier. The charge carrier is an electron in an N type FET and is a hole in a P type FET. The FET can be a metal oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET) that is widely employed in semiconductor devices. Field effect transistors such as CMOS transistors are widely used in the electronics industry. Field effect transistors (FETs) are employed in almost every electronic circuit application, such as signal processing, computing, and wireless communications. Mtal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) have currently become the leading choice as ultra-small size and high speed switching transistors. Power MOSFETs are used as electric switches for high frequency PWM (pulse width modulation) applications such as voltage regulators and/or as load switches in power applications. Bipolar junction transistors, offering enhanced performance when compared to metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor, (MOSFET), devices, have been used to improve the performance of bipolar-complementary MOS, (BiCMOS), chips, specifically chips used for microprocessor applications. A thin film transistor (TFT) including a thin semiconductor layer such as an amorphous silicon layer and a polysilicon layer is broadly used as a driver or a switching device, for instance, for a liquid crystal display panel. A TFT has a gate electrode which is a part of a gate line, a semiconductor layer forming a channel, a source electrode which is a part of a data line, and a drain electrode.
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Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
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