Optical encoder
Optical encoders are used to detect the position and speed of objects, such as motors, performing rotational movement or translational movement. As we know, encoders convert angular position into electrical signals and can employ different ways to detect angular or rotary motion such as mechanical means utilizing brush contacts or magnet/inductive methods. But the most common, reliable and widely used devices are non-contact optical receptors employed by optical encoders. An optical encoder is a feedback device that converts motion or positional information into digital signals. Optical encoders produce a digital output based on an encoded media that passes either through or by the optical encoder. Optical encoders are generally of two different types: incremental and absolute position. Incremental-type encoders are the simpler of the two and are either of the reflective or transmissive type. An optical encoder includes a main scale having a first optical grating, and an index scale having a second optical grating. Disposed opposite the main scale is a light source for irradiating the main scale with light, and a photoreceptor element that receives light via the optical grating of the main scale and the optical grating of the index scale. The essential components of such an optical encoder are the emitter system, a grid plate, normally a grid disk or a grid straight edge, and the detector system. The emitter system normally contains a light-emitting diode. The light beam emitted from the laser diode is modulated by the grid plate. The grid plate is connected to a moving body and has a periodic opening pattern. The detector system detects the transmitter signal from the laser diode and, at the output, and supplies information relating to the light beam and the direction of movement. The rotary optical encoder is primarily used to detect the pole position of a rotor. It contains a light emitter, a light receiver, a code wheel and a code plate in between, and a processing circuit. By properly designing the pattern of code tracks on the code wheel and the code plate, one can readily obtain the required signal output.
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