Incremental encoder
An incremental encoder is attached to a rotor of a rotating machine such as a motor and a generator, and generates a pulse signal in accordance with the rotation state. The pulse signal is used for detecting the rotation speed of the rotating machine and regulating its rotation. Modern electromechanical control systems have increasingly been turning to incremental (digital) rather than continuous (analog) techniques for control precision and easier interface. In the field of optical position detectors, two types of detectors are in common use and each has problems peculiar to its design. The first of these detectors is commonly known as an absolute encoder. Absolute encoders can recognize the position of a movable element without referring to a base, home, or starting position. These absolute encoders typically include a scale with alternating opaque and optically transmissive sections arranged in a particular pattern along a series of tracks. Alternatively, a second type of encoder is commercially available and commonly referred to as an incremental encoder. An incremental encoder translates the rotational motion of its shaft into two output signals exhibiting a phase difference of nominally ninety degrees. The signals' phase difference results in a presentation of four output states to discriminating circuitry intended to process the resultant signal. By discriminating the sequence of the presented quadrature signal, relative forward or reverse rotation may be discerned. Incremental encoders generally include a single track of alternating opaque and optically transmissive sections arranged along a scale so as to be sequentially introduced between a light source and a photodetector, affecting the state of the photodetector in much the same way as in the absolute encoders. Photoelectric incremental rotary encoders are generally provided with two sensors which are positioned so as to be offset from each other by 180 degrees about a rotary scale disc. Each of the two sensors is generally provided together with an absolute-zero-index detecting device which outputs a signal each time each of the two sensors detects an absolute zero index formed on the rotary scale. Similar to an optical incremental rotary encoder, a magnetic incremental rotary encoder is also known as an angle measuring device. A magnetic incremental rotary encoder is generally provided with a magnetic drum (graduator disc) and a magnetic sensor.
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