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Crystal oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces electrical oscillations at a particular designed frequency determined by the physical characteristics of one or more crystals, generally of quartz, positioned in the circuit feedback loop. A piezoelectric effect causes a crystal such as quartz to vibrate and resonate at a particular frequency. The quartz crystal naturally oscillates at a particular frequency, its fundamental frequency that can be hundreds of megahertz. The crystal oscillator is generally used in various forms such as a frequency generator, a frequency modulator and a frequency converter. The crystal oscillator utilizes crystal having excellent piezoelectric characteristics, in which crystal functions as a stable mechanical vibrator. There are many types of crystal oscillators. One of them is a crystal oscillator employing an inverting amplifier including a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) circuit, and used, for example, as a reference signal source of a PLL (phase-pocked poop) circuit of a mobile phone. Crystal oscillator circuits using crystal have a number of advantages in actual application since crystals show high frequency stability and stable temperature characteristic as well as excellent processing ability. Temperature-compensated crystal oscillators, in which variation in oscillation frequency that arises from the frequency-temperature characteristic of the quartz-crystal unit is compensated, find particularly wide use in devices such as wireless phones used in a mobile environment. A surface mounting crystal oscillator is used mainly as a frequency reference source particularly for a variety of portable electronic devices such as portable telephones because of its compact size and light weight.

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