Ultracapacitor (supercapacitor)
Ultracapacitors, also called supercapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, are energy storage devices which can store more energy than traditional capacitors and discharge this energy at higher rates than rechargeable batteries. Ultracapacitors are sometimes referred to as "double layer capacitors", and are notable for their ability to store more energy per unit weight and volume than conventional capacitors. They are also able to deliver the stored energy at a higher power level than is possible with other electrochemical devices, such as batteries. Ultracapacitors are attractive because they can be connected together, similar to batteries, for high-voltage applications; have an extended life of hundreds of thousands of charge/discharge cycles. Electrochemical capacitors are prospective in potential applications in emerging technology areas that require electric power in the form of pulses. Examples of such applications include digital communication devices that require power pulses in the millisecond range, and traction power systems in an electric vehicle where the high power demand can last from seconds up to minutes.Ultracapacitors have a low equivalent internal series resistance that allows an ultracapacitor pack to accept and supply much higher power than similar battery packs. Ultracapacitors consist of two porous electrodes that are isolated from electrical contact by a porous separator. Both the separator and the electrodes are impregnated with an electrolytic solution. This allows ionic current to flow between the electrodes while preventing electrical current from shorting the cell. On the back of each of these active electrodes is a current collecting plate. In operation, an electrode potential, or voltage, exists across the electrodes in the ultracapacitor. Ionic current can then flow as anions are discharged from the surface of the positive electrode where they were stored. In similar fashion, cations are discharged from the surface of the negative electrode.
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