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GPS mapping system
Saturday, 18 November 2006

A hand-held GPS (global positioning system) mapping system is a navigation and positioning device enabling the user to record both the position and descriptions of physical features being mapped. A global positioning system is a commonly used source of geographic position data. Global positioning satellite (GPS) systems provide the location of a global positioning receiver by sophisticated triangulation algorithms using data provided by orbiting satellites with a high degree of accuracy. GPS system relies on a constellation of geosynchronous satellites that each transmits their position to earth on a continuous basis. GPS capable devices generally have a GPS receiver for receiving satellite signals from the GPS satellite network that allow for determination of the device's position. Such devices allow for precisely locating the device in terms of latitude and longitude using the GPS receiver. Global positioning satellites are used with an appropriate GPS receiver to determine the location of the receiver in latitude, longitude, and altitude. A GPS receiver attempts to measure the propagation delay (range) and Doppler frequency shift (range rate) in the received signal and to demodulate the navigation data bits. A typical GPS receiver consists of a radio frequency (RF) front-end with a pre-amplified antenna, a baseband processor, a navigation processor, and a user interface. The global positioning system receive receives signals from the global positioning system satellites to obtain position, velocity, and time solution. The GPS receiver generally ascertains its geographic position by detecting radio signals transmitted by satellites in an earth orbit. Reception of the signals allows the GPS receiver to pinpoint the receiver's location in terms of longitude and latitude coordinates. GPS receivers listen to signals from either three or four satellites at a time and triangulate a position fix using the interval between the transmission and reception of the satellite signal. A successful correlation between the local replica and the incoming signal removes the spectrum-spreading code and identifies which GPS satellite is being received. This despreading process increases the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and allows the only-remaining navigation data bits to be demodulated. The navigation data bits provide the precise orbital location of the satellite and other error-correcting coefficients. The location and time of the user are then found by solving known equations that incorporate the measured range to the known location of the GPS satellites. The operation principle of a GPS system is based on range triangulation. The satellite position is known accurately via ephemeris data, the user can track the satellite's transmitted signal and determine the signal propagation time. The signal travels at the speed of light, the user can calculate the geometrical range to the satellite. Commercially available global positioning system compatible receivers typically include a display screen to display the geographic information to the user of the receiver. GPS compatible receivers also typically include an output port which communicates the geographic information using a digital message protocol.

The need for such geographical data is readily apparent in applications where the user is mobile including. To meet this demand, handheld devices have been developed to provide the user with the same geographical data provided by legacy GPS systems. Globally positioned satellite system provides the ability to monitor and track movements of persons over geographic areas. Some automobile manufacturers have equipped their vehicles with proprietary GPS devices fixed to the vehicle's dashboard or instrument panel to provide the vehicle occupants with such geographical data as the physical location and street address of the vehicle. By placing such a receiver in a vehicle, a path to be mapped can be driven by the vehicle, with the GPS receiver capturing position information at specified time intervals along the path. GPS systems have been combined with detailed electronic maps to aid in the navigation of automobiles. A GPS mapping system contains a reference base map showing geographical details such as highways, rivers and lakes, with main arterial streets shown in metropolitan areas. Plug-ins can be used for street-level map detail and access to business listings and points of interest in a particular area. Upon entry of a street address or points of interest (such as restaurants, hotels, gas stations, banks, and shopping areas), the navigation tool will display the location on a map along with current vehicle location. The use of computer mapping technology has been growing dramatically in recent years. Mapping software systems with GPS based position determination are now deployed in motor vehicles such that localized maps are readily available to users. GPS mapping systems have map data stored in memory and a display for showing the device position with reference to the map data. Other devices have no underlying map data base for reference. Car navigation systems are equipped with a navigational computer that includes a display screen, an input means such as a keypad or a remote control, and a storage means. GPS receiver devices with map display capability may store the map information on computer diskettes, CD-ROM's, or other computer memory storage devices. Some GPS receiver devices can plot and display a trail of waypoints and store this trail for future retrieval. A present location point is displayed on the map, based on a GPS position fix, such that the user's location is plotted on the map as they move from place to place. Sophisticated devices may compute the device's heading, speed, and other information based on comparisons with previous GPS determined positions. The orientation of the user's movement can be determined by calculating the general direction of movement from position fix to position fix. The map database can have various levels of detail. The map database includes geographical information at the major road level. Additional details that can be included are minor roads, turn restrictions, one-way streets, highway ramp configurations, hotel, restaurant and other business information, traffic history, emergency facility locations and the like. The map databases with routing information are referred to as navigable map data or turn-by-turn data. The levels of detail stored on such databases depend on product and marketing factors, including cost and demand, as well as the physical storage capacity limitations.